Post Date December, 03 2023
1. Semen volume: Normal ≥ 2ml. When it is greater than 7ml, it is excessive, which not only reduces sperm density but also easily flows out of the Yin duct, resulting in a decrease in the total number of sperm, commonly seen in seminal vesiculitis; Less than 2ml indicates insufficient semen volume, but usually less than 1ml indicates insufficient semen volume. At this time, the semen has a small contact area with the female genital tract, or infertility is caused because the sperm is too thick to enter the female cervix, which is commonly seen in severe paragonadal inflammation, low testosterone level, ejaculatory duct obstruction, retrograde ejaculation, etc.
2. Color: Normally grayish white or slightly yellow. Milky white or chartreuse indicates inflammation of the genital tract or accessory gonads; Pink, red, and microscopic appearance of red blood cells are bloody semen, commonly seen in inflammation of the accessory glands and posterior urethra, and occasionally seen in tuberculosis or tumors.
3. PH: The normal pH value of semen is 7.2-7.8. Less than 72 can be seen in ejaculatory duct obstruction or urine contamination; Greater than 7.8 can be seen in seminal vesicle inflammation or outdated specimens.
4. Liquefaction time: after normal semen is ejected, it will become jelly under the action of seminal vesicle coagulase, and become liquid under the action of prostate liquefying enzyme after 15-30 minutes, which is semen liquefaction. It is abnormal for semen to remain non liquefied 30 minutes after ejaculation.
5. Viscosity: contact the glass rod with liquefied semen, gently lift it to form semen filament, which is normally less than 2cm long.
6. Sperm count: Generally expressed as the number of sperm per milliliter of semen. Normal count ≥ 20 × 106/ml。 Below this value, there is too little sperm, which can be seen in various reasons such as spermatogenic dysfunction. It can lead to low fertility or infertility due to a reduced chance of sperm entering the uterine cavity and fallopian tubes. If the sperm count is greater than 250 × 106/ml indicates excessive sperm count, which can also lead to infertility due to its impaired motility.
7. Sperm morphology: Normal sperm morphology ≥ 50%, otherwise it can cause infertility.
8. Activity: ≥ 50% of sperm move forward rapidly in a straight line.
9. Survival rate: usually refers to the examination within 1 hour after ejaculation, with live sperm ≥ 50%. Common causes of decreased sperm motility and survival rate include inflammation of the accessory glands, varicocele, ciliary stagnation syndrome caused by chronic respiratory infections, presence of anti sperm antibodies in semen, or improper specimen storage.
10. White blood cells: White blood cells in normal semen<1 × 106/ml。 An increase in white blood cells indicates an infection in the reproductive tract or accessory gonads.
